This is kind of a loaded question. If you are just free flying without any ATC guidance, you can probably just activate vectors to final and give yourself headings to a 45 degree intercept. If your flying IFR with proper ATC, they either ask the approach you want or provide it depending on conditions.
To get on the glideslope (It’s called ILS) that’s what you must select.
Bear in mind, not all runways are ILS equipped, so therefore there are several other types of approaches as you have noticed.
Here is a link to a Wikipedia article that may help.
If it’s just you and you’re flying on a lark, just pick one of the Transition Points for the approach selected. Transitions are designed to funnel traffic depending on their inbound direction so you’d need the charts or EFB for that to make sense from a top down view.